Manga

Manga is the Japanese word for comics; outsidepoza, na zewnątrz of Japan, it usually refers specificallyszczególnie to Japanese comics. Because most Japanese nouns have no plural form, manga can be used to refer to multiplezłożony, wieloraki comics, although mangas is sometimes used in English.

Origins
Literally translated, manga means "randomswobodny, dowolny (or whimsicalkapryśny, dziwaczny) pictures." The word first came into common usage after the publication of the 19th century Hokusai Manga, containing assortedmieszany, dobrany, dopasowany drawings from the sketchbookszkicownik of the famous ukiyo-e artist Hokusai. However, gi-ga (lit. "funny pictures") drawn in the 12th century by various artists contain many manga-like qualities such as emphasisnacisk, uwypuklenie, uwydatnienie on story and simple, artistic lines.

Manga developed from a mixture of ukiyo-e and western art movements. When America began trading with Japan, Japan tried to modernise itself and catch up with the rest of the world. Thus, they imported western artists to teach their students things such as line, form and colour (things which were never concentrated on in ukiyo-e as the idea behind the picture was normally considered more important). Manga as we know it today only really came into beingto come into being: zaistnieć, powstawć after World War II when the government bans on any non-propaganda was lifted and many publishers sprang upto spring up: pojawiać się niespodziewanie.

In the 20th century, manga came to refer to comics. Though roughlyw przybliżeniu, z grubsza equivalent to the American comic book, manga hold more importance in Japanese culture than comics do in American culture. Manga is well respected both as an art formforma sztuki and as a form of popular literature. Like its American counterpartodpowiednik, manga has been criticized for being violent and sexual; however, there have been no official inquiries or laws that have tried to limit what can be drawn in manga, except for fuzzy decencynieywraźna, rozmyta przyzwoitość laws that apply to all published materials, stating that "overlynadmiernie, zbytnio indecentnieprzyzwoity, gorszący materials should not be sold." This freedom has allowed artists to draw manga for every age group and about every topic.

Manga format
Manga magazines usually have many series running concurrentlyjednocześnie, równocześnie with approximatelyw przybliżeniu, około 30-40 pages allocatedto allocate: przeznaczać coś na coś, przydzielać to each series per issue. These manga magazines, or "anthology magazines", as they are also known, are usually printed on low-quality newsprintpapier gazetowy and can be anywhere from 200 to more than 850 pages long. Manga magazines also contain one-shotjednnoujęciowy, jednoklatkowy comics and various four-panel manga/yon-koma (equivalent to comic strips). Manga series can run for many years if they are successful.

When a series has been running for a while, the stories are usually collected together and printed in dedicatedto dedicate to: poświęcać czemuś, dedykować, przeznaczać book-sized volumes, called tankobon. These volumes use higher-quality paper, and are useful to those who want to "catch up" with a series so they can follow it in the magazines or if they find the cost of the weeklies or monthlies to be prohibitivewygórownay, przekraczający możliwości. Recently, "deluxe" versions have also been printed as readers have gotten older and the need for something special grew. Old manga have also been reprinted using somewhatnieco, w pewnym stopniu lesser quality paper and sold for 100 yen each to compete with the used book market.

Manga are primarilygłownie, przede wszystkim, zwłaszcza classified by the age and genderpłeć of the target audience. In particular, books and magazines sold to boys (shonen) and girls (shojo) have distinctivewyrózniający, charakterystyczny cover art and are placed on different shelves in most bookstores.

Japan also has manga cafes, or manga kissaten. At a manga kissaten, people drink coffee and read manga.

Many things appear in manga format, including wanted posters for criminals.

The manga style
The most popular and recognizablerozpoznawalny, możliwy do rozpoznania style of manga is very distinctivewyrózniający, charakterystyczny. Emphasis is often placed on line over form, and the storytelling and panel placementumieszczenie, rozmieszczenie differ from those in Western comics. Panels and pages are typically read from right to left, consistent withzgodny z traditional Japanese writing. While the art can be incredibly realistic or cartoonish, it is often noted that the characters look "Western", or have large eyes. Large eyes have become a permanent fixturezłamanie, pęknięcie in manga and anime since the 1960s when Osamu Tezuka, creator of Astro Boy and considered the father of modern manga, started drawing them that way, mimickingto mimic: imitować, naśladować the style of Disney cartoons from the United States. Being a very diverseróżnorodny, rozmaity, zróżnicowany artform, however, not all manga artists adhere to the conventions most popularized in the west through anime such as Akira, Sailor Moon, Dragon Ball Z and Ranma ˝.

Fairly surprising for western readers is that (somewhatnieco, w pewnym stopniu like the Jazz approach to melody) manga artists don't feel that their stories and characters are setzbiór, zestaw in stonestały, niezmienny, nie mogący się już zmienić. So a setzbiór, zestaw of characters may build relationships, jobs, etc. in one setzbiór, zestaw of stories ("story arc") only to have another story arc run where the same characters do not know each other. The Tenchi series in particular is known for this; there are more than thirteen different pretty-much unrelated story arcs based around Tenchi and his friends.

Url źródłowy: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga

Słowniczek

outside
 

poza, na zewnątrz

specifically
 

szczególnie

multiple
 

złożony, wieloraki

random
 

swobodny, dowolny

whimsical
 

kapryśny, dziwaczny

assorted
 

mieszany, dobrany, dopasowany

sketchbook
 

szkicownik

emphasis
 

nacisk, uwypuklenie, uwydatnienie

came into being
to come into being

zaistnieć, powstawć

sprang up
to spring up

pojawiać się niespodziewanie

roughly
 

w przybliżeniu, z grubsza

counterpart
 

odpowiednik

fuzzy decency
 

nieywraźna, rozmyta przyzwoitość

to apply to
 

zwracać się do, dotyczyć kogoś, czegoś

overly
 

nadmiernie, zbytnio

indecent
 

nieprzyzwoity, gorszący

concurrently
 

jednocześnie, równocześnie

approximately
 

w przybliżeniu, około

allocated
to allocate

przeznaczać coś na coś, przydzielać

newsprint
 

papier gazetowy

one-shot
 

jednnoujęciowy, jednoklatkowy

four panel
 

czterotablicowy, czteropłytowy

comic strip
 

historyjak obrazkowa

dedicated
to dedicate to

poświęcać czemuś, dedykować, przeznaczać

prohibitive
 

wygórownay, przekraczający możliwości

primarily
 

głownie, przede wszystkim, zwłaszcza

gender
 

płeć

distinctive
 

wyrózniający, charakterystyczny

recognizable
 

rozpoznawalny, możliwy do rozpoznania

placement
 

umieszczenie, rozmieszczenie

consistent with
 

zgodny z

fixture
 

złamanie, pęknięcie

mimicking
to mimic

imitować, naśladować

art form
 

forma sztuki

diverse
 

różnorodny, rozmaity, zróżnicowany

to adhere to
 

trzymać się czegoś, stosować się do

fairly
 

dość, dosyć

somewhat
 

nieco, w pewnym stopniu

to approach to
 

zbliżać się do, zwracać się do

set in stone
 

stały, niezmienny, nie mogący się już zmienić

set
 

zbiór, zestaw

pretty much
 

mniej więcej, tyle ile można