Troy

Troy is a legendary city, the location of the Trojan War, as described in the Iliad, an epic poem in Ancient Greek. The poem was attributedto attribute: przypisywać by the Greeks to a blind poet called Homer, and was probably composed in the 8th or 9th centuries BC, although it contains older material. There are also references to Troy in the other work attributedto attribute: przypisywać to Homer, the Odyssey. The Homeric legend of Troy was elaboratedto elaborate: rozwijać, uzupełniać szczegółami by the Roman poet Virgil in his work the Aeneid.

The Greeks and Romans believed in the historicityhistoryczność of Troy, and believed it to have been located at a sitemiejscemiejsce in Anatolia, now north-western Turkey, near the Dardanelles. This is shown by the fact that Alexander the Great and his companion Hephaestion visited the sitemiejscemiejsce in 334 BC and made sacrificesofiary at the allegeddomniemany tombs of the Homeric heroes Achilles and Patroclus.


Excavations


With the rise of modern critical history, Troy and the Trojan War were consignedto consign: powierzać opiece to the realmsdziedziny, sfery of legend. In 1870, however, the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann excavatedto excavate: wykopywać a hill, called Hissarlik by the Turks, near the town of Chanak (Çanakkale) in north-western Anatolia. Here he discovered the ruins of a series of ancient cities, dating from the Bronze Age to the Roman period. Schliemann declared one of these cities to be the city of Troy, and this identification was widely accepted at that time.

Subsequent excavationswykopaliska, including by Carl Blegen have shown that were at least nine cities built one on top of each other at this sitemiejscemiejsce. The first city was founded in the third millennium BC. During the Bronze Age, the sitemiejscemiejsce seems to have been a flourishing mercantile city, since its location allowed for complete control of the Dardanelles, through which every merchant ship from the Aegean Sea heading for the Black Sea had to pass.

The last city on this sitemiejscemiejsce, Ilium or Ilion, was founded by Romans during the reignpanowanie, rządy of the emperor Augustus and was an important trading city until the establishment of Constantinople in the fourth century as the eastern capital of the Roman Empire. In Byzantine times the city declinedto decline: podupadać graduallystopniowo, and eventuallyostatecznie, w końcu disappeared.
Ancient Greeks historians placed the Trojan War variously in the 12th, 13th or 14th century BC. Eratosthenes said 1184 BC, Herodotus said about 1250 BC, Douris said 1334 BC. The archaeological layerwarstwa known as Troy VII, which has been dated on the basis of potterygarncarstwo styles at 1275-1240 BC, is the most often citedto cite: cytować, przytaczać candidate to have been the Troy of Homer. It appears to have been destroyed by a war, and there are traces of a fire. Until the 1988 excavationswykopaliska, the problem was that Troy VII is a hilltopszczyt wzgórza fort, not a city, and certainly not the city of the size described by Homer.

Since 1988 excavationswykopaliska have been resumedto resume: wznawiać by a team of the University of Tübingen and the University of Cincinnati under the direction of Professor Manfred Korfmann. The question of Troy's status in the Bronze Age world has been the subject of a sometimes acerbiczgryźliwy, zjadliwy debate between Korfmann and the Tübingen historian Frank Kolb.

Following a magnetic imaging survey of the fields below the fort, a deep ditchrów, kanał was located and excavatedto excavate: wykopywać among the ruins of a later Greek and Roman city. Remains found in the ditchrów, kanał were dated to the late Bronze Age, the allegeddomniemany time of Troy. It is claimed by Korfmann that the ditchrów, kanał may have once have marked the outerzewnętrzny defences of a much larger city than had previously been suspected.

Possible evidencedowód, dowody of a battle was also found in in the form of arrowheadsostrza, groty found in layers dated to the early 12th century BC.



Other evidencedowód, dowody


In the 1920s the Swiss scholarnaukowiec, uczony Emil Forrer claimed that placenames found in Hittite texts - Wilusiya and Taruisa - should be identified with Ilium and Troia respectivelyodpowiednio. He further noted that a "Wilusian" king mentioned in one of the Hittite texts - Alaksandu - was quite similar to the name of prince Alexander or Paris of Troy.

These identifications were rejectedto reject: odrzucić by many scholars as being improbablenieprawdopodobne or at least unprovable, but Trevor Bryce recently championedto champion: walczyć o (sprawę, ideę) them in his book The Kingdom of the Hittites (1998), citingto cite: cytować a recovered piece of the so-called Manapa-Tarhunda letter, which refers to the kingdom of Wilusa as beyond the land of the Seha (known in classical times as the Caicus) river, and near the land of Lazpa (better known as the Isle of Lesbos). This remainsszczątki, pozostałości a speculativespekulatywny subject.

Recent evidencedowód, dowody adds weight to the theory that Wilusiya may be Troy. A water tunnel excavatedto excavate: wykopywać by Korfmann, previously thought to be Roman, has been dated to around 2600 BC. Hittite texts mention both a water tunnel at Wilusiya, and that the Mycenaeans fought a battle at the city.

In November 2001, geologists John C. Kraft from the University of Delaware and John V. Luce from Trinity College, Dublin presented the results (see [1] (http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2001AM/finalprogram/abstract_25431.htm), [2] (http://www.nature.com/nsu/nsu_pf/030127/030127-4.html), & [3] (http://dsc.discovery.com/news/briefs/20030203/iliad.html)) of investigations into the geology of the region that had started in 1977. The geologists compared the present geology with the landscapeskrajobrazy and coastalnadbrzeżny featuresrzeźba terenu, krajobraz described in the Iliad and other classical sources, notablyzwłaszcza Strabo's Geographia. Their conclusion was that there is regularly a consistencyzgodność between the location of Troy as identified by Schliemann (and other locations such as the Greek camp), the geological evidencedowód, dowody, and descriptions of the topology and accounts of the battle in the Iliad.



Lack of firm evidencedowód, dowody



Even if there was a Bronze Age city on the sitemiejscemiejsce now called Troy, and even if that city was destroyed by fire and/or war at about the same time as the time postulated for the Trojan War, there is still no evidencedowód, dowody that any of the events described by Homer ever took place. In particular, the name Troy does not appear in any of the Greek written records (admittedlywprawdzie not extensive) from the many Mycenean or Bronze Age sites excavatedto excavate: wykopywać over the past century. If there was a major city called Troy anywhere in the Aegean area, no-one at Knossos or Mycenae or Pylos mentioned it.

It is important to note that no text or artefactwytwór pracy człowieka has ever been found which clearly identifies this sitemiejscemiejsce as that of Troy, or indeedrzeczywiście, w istocie confirmsto confirm: potwierdza that any such place as Troy ever existedto exist: istnieć. Some archaeologists and historians maintainutrzymywać that none of the events in Homer are historical. Others accept that there may be a foundation of historical events in the Homeric stories, but say that in the absencenieobecność of independent evidencedowód, dowody it is not possible to separate fact from myth in the stories.

In recent years scholars have suggested that the Homeric stories represented a synthesis of many old Greek stories of variousróżne Bronze Age siegesoblężenia and expeditions, fusedto fuse: łączyć together in the Greek memory during the "dark ages" which followed the fall of the Mycenean civilisation. In this view, no historical city of Troy existedto exist: istnieć anywhere: the name derivesto derive from: wywodzić się z from a people called the Troies, who probably lived in central Greece. The identification of the hill at Hissarlik as Troy is, in this view, a late developmentrozwój, following the Greek colonisation of Asia Minor in the 8th century BC.




Tourism



Today there is a Turkish town called Truva in the vicinityokolica of the archaeological sitemiejscemiejsce, but this town has grown up recently to service the tourist trade. The archaeological sitemiejscemiejsce is officially called Troy by the Turkish government and appears as such on many maps, and many history books confidentlypewnie identify the sitemiejscemiejsce as the location of the Homeric city of Troy.

A large number of tourists visit the sitemiejscemiejsce each year, mostly coming from Istanbul by bus or by ferryprom via Çanakkale. The visitor sees a highly commercialised sitemiejscemiejsce, with a large wooden horse built as a playgroundplac zabaw for children, then shops and a museum. The archaeological sitemiejscemiejsce itself is, as a recent writer said, "a ruin of a ruin," because Schliemann's archaeological methods were very destructive and the sitemiejscemiejsce has been frequently excavatedto excavate: wykopywać ever since. For many years also the sitemiejscemiejsce was unguardedniestrzeżony and was thoroughly lootedto loot: grabić, plądrować.

Url źródłowy: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy

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