Coca-Cola

Coca-Cola (also known as Coke) is a popular carbonatedgazowany soft drinknapój bezalkoholowy sold in stores, restaurants and vending machinesvending machine: automat do sprzedaży in over one hundred and forty countries. It is produced by The Coca-Cola Company, which is also occasionally referred to as Coca-Cola or Coke. It is one of the world's most recognizable and widely sold commercial brands. Coke's major rival is Pepsi. Although Coke has been the target of urban legends about its safety and the ethics of the company that produces it, it is widely accepted as the most dominantdominujący, przeważający soft drinknapój bezalkoholowy in the world today.

Originally intended as a patent medicinespecyfik, środek na wszystko when it was invented in the late 19th century, Coca-Cola was bought out by shrewedprzebiegły businessman Asa Griggs Candler, whose aggressive marketing tactics led Coke to its dominance of the world soft drinknapój bezalkoholowy market throughout the 20th century. Although faced with accusations of perverse side-effectsside-effect: efekt uboczny on the health of consumers and monopolistic practices by its producing company, Coca-Cola has remained a popular soft drinknapój bezalkoholowy well into the first decade of the 21st century.

History

Early years
Coca-Cola was invented by John S. Pemberton in 1886 in Columbus, Georgia, originally as a cocawine called Pemberton's French Wine Coca. It was initially sold as a patent medicinespecyfik, środek na wszystko for five cents a glass at soda fountains, which were popular in America at the time thanks to a belief that carbonatedgazowany water was good for the health. It was relaunchedto relaunch: lansować jeszcze raz, wprowadzać na nowo as a soft drinknapój bezalkoholowy to countersprzeciwiać się, przeciwdziałać Prohibition. The first sales were made at Jacob's Pharmacy in Atlanta, Georgia on May 8, 1886, and for the first eight months only thirteen drinks were sold each day. Pemberton then ran the first advertisement for the beveragenapój on May 29 of the same year in the Atlanta Journal.

Asa Griggs Candler bought out Pemberton and his partners in 1887 and began aggressively marketing the product — the efficacyskuteczność of this concerted advertising campaign would not be realized until much later. By the time of its 50th anniversary, the drink had reached the status of a national symbol.

Coca-Cola was sold in bottles for the first time on March 12, 1894 and cans of Coke first appeared in 1955. The first bottling of Coca-Cola occured in Vicksburg, Mississippi at the Biedenharn Candy Company in 1891. Its proprietor was Joseph A. Biedenharn. The original bottles were Biedenharn bottles, very different from the much later hobble-skirtdługa spódnica wąska poniżej kolan noszona między 1910 i 1914 rokiem design that is now so familiar. Asa Candler was tentativeniepewny about bottling the drink, but the two entrepreneursentrepreneur: przedsiębiorca who proposed the idea were so persuasiveprzekonujący that Candler signed a contract giving them control of the procedure. However, the loosely-termed contract proved to be problematic for the company for decades to come. Legal matters were not helped by the decision of the bottlers to subcontract to other companies — in effect, becoming parent bottlers.

When the United States entered World War II, Coke was provided free to American soldiers, as a patriotic drink. The popularity of the drink exploded in the wake of World War II as American soldiers returned home, more grateful than ever to partake of a beveragenapój that had become synonymous with the American way of life.

New Coke to the present
In 1985, Coca-Cola, amidwśród, między much publicity, attempted to change the formula of the drink. Some authorities believe that New Coke, as the reformulated drink was called, was invented specifically to respond to its commercial competitor, Pepsi. Double-blind taste tests indicated that most consumers preferred the taste of Pepsi (which has more lemon oil, less orange oil, and uses vanillin rather than vanilla) to Coke. New Coke was reformulated in a way that emulatedto emulate: naśladować Pepsi. Followup taste tests revealed that most consumers preferred the taste of New Coke to both Coke and Pepsi. The reformulation was led by the then-CEO of the company, Roberto Goizueta, and the President Don Keough.

It is unclear what part long-time company president Robert W. Woodruff played in the reformulation. Goizueta claims that Woodruff endorsedto endorse: popierać, aprobować it a few months before his death in 1985; others have pointed out that, as the two men were alone when the matter was discussed, Goizueta might have misinterpreted the wishes of the dying Woodruff, who could speak only in monosyllables. It has also been allegedto allege: domniemywać that Woodruff might not have been able to understand what Goizueta was telling him.

The commercial failure of New Coke therefore came as a grievouspoważny, dotkliwy blow to the management of the Coca-Cola Corporation. It is possible that customers would not have noticed the change if it had been made secretly or gradually, and thus brand loyalty could have been maintained. Coca-Cola management was unprepared, however, for the nostalgic sentiments the drink arousedto arouse: wzbudzać, powodowaćto arouse: budzić, rozbudzać in the American public; some compared changing the Coke formula to rewriting the American Constitution.

The new Coca-Cola formula subsequentlypóźniej caused a public backlashsprzeciw. Gay Mullins, from Seattle, Washington, USA, founded the Old Coke Drinkers of America organisation, which attempted to sueskarżyć, zaskarżać, pozywać the company, and lobbiedto lobby: wywierać nacisk, wywierać wpływ for the formula of Old Coke to be releasedto release: wypuszczać, uwalniać into the public domainwłasność publiczna. This and other protests caused the company to return to the old formula under the name Coca-Cola Classic on July 10, 1985. The company was later accused of performing this volte-facecałkowita zmiana opinii, całkowity zwrot as an elaboratewymyślny, opracowany szczegółowo rusepodstęp, pułapka to introduce a new product while revivingto revive: ożywiać, wskrzeszać interest in the original. The company president responded to the accusation by declaring: "We are not that stupid, or that smart."

The Coca-Cola Company is the world's largest consumer of natural vanilla extract. When New Coke was introduced in 1985, the economy of Madagascar crashed — vanilla being a prime export — and recovered only after New Coke floppedto flop: okazać się kompletną klapą, since New Coke used vanillin, a less-expensive synthetic substitute. Purchases of vanilla more than halvedto halve: obniżyć się o połowę, podzielić na pół during this period.

Meanwhile, the market share for New Coke had dwindledto dwindle: zmniejszać się, kurczyć się to only 3% by 1986. The company renamed the product "Coke II" in 1992 (not to be confused with "Coke C2", a reduced-sugar cola launched by Coca-Cola in 2004). However, sales falloffspadek caused a severepoważny cutbackredukcja in distribution. By 1998, it was sold in only a few places in the midwestern U.S.

Coca-Cola's advertising
Coca-Cola's advertising has had a significant impactwpływ on American culture, and is frequently credited with the "invention" of the modern image of Santa Claus as an old man in red-and-white garmentsgarment: ubranie, strój; however, while the company did in fact start promoting this image in the 1930s in its winter advertising campaigns, it was already common before that. In the 1970s, a song from a Coca-Cola commercial called "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing", produced by Billy Davis, became a popular hit single, but there is no evidence that it did anything to increase sales of the soft drinknapój bezalkoholowy.

The company has a policy of avoiding using children younger than the age of 12 in any of its advertising as a result of a lawsuitproces, sprawa sądowa from the beginning of the 20th century that allegedto allege: domniemywać that Coke's caffeine content was dangerous to children. However, in recent times, this has not stopped the company from targeting young consumers. In addition, it has not been disclosed in exact terms how safe Coke is for consumption by young children (or pregnant mothers).

Coke's advertising has been rather pervasive, as one of Woodruff's stated goals was to ensure that everyone on Earth drank Coca-Cola as their preferred beveragenapój. Advertising for Coke is now almost ubiquitouswszechobecny, especially in southern areas of North America, such as Atlanta, where Coke was born. The 1996 Summer Olympics were hosted in Atlanta, and as a result, Coca-Cola effectively received free advertising. Coca-Cola was also the first-ever sponsor of the Olympic games, at the 1928 games in Amsterdam.

During the 1980s, Pepsi-Cola ran a series of television advertisements showing people participating in taste tests in which they expressed a preference for Pepsi over Coke. Coca-Cola ran adsad: skrót od advertisment - reklama, ogłoszenie to combatwalczyć Pepsi's adsad: skrót od advertisment - reklama, ogłoszenie in an incident sometimes referred to as the cola wars; one of Coke's adsad: skrót od advertisment - reklama, ogłoszenie compared the so-called Pepsi challengeprowokacja to two chimpanzees deciding which tennis ball was furrierbardziej futrzasty. Thereafter, Coca-Cola regained its leadership in the market.

In an attempt to broaden its portfolio, Coca-Cola purchased Columbia Pictures in 1982. Columbia provided subtle publicity through Coke product placements in many of its films while under Coke's ownership. However, after a few early successes, Columbia began to underperform, and was dropped by the company in 1989.

Coca-Cola has gone through a number of different advertising slogans in its long history, including "The pause that refreshes", "I'd like to buy the world a Coke", and "Coke is it".

Controversies surrounding the Coca-Cola drink

Urban legends about Coca-Cola
Coca-Cola has been the target of urban legends decryingto decry: potępiać the drink for its supposedly copiousobfity amounts of acid, or the "life-threatening" effects of its carbonatedgazowany water. These urban legends usually take the form of "fun facts" — for example, "Coke can dissolve a tooth in 24-48 hours"; "highway trooperstrooper: policjant(AE) use Coke to clean blood from highways after accidents"; or "somebody once died in a Coke-drinking competition". All of these stories are false, and evidence has been presented in numerous cases against Coca-Cola since the 1920s that decisivelystanowczo proves that the drink is not more harmful than comparable soft drinks. It contains less citric acid than an orange. However, one unusual use for coke that is not an urban legend is as a rust-controlzapobiegający rdzy, rdzewieniu substance - the phosphoric acidkwas fosforowy in coke convertsto convert: przekształcać, zmieniać iron oxidetlenek żelaza to iron phosphatefosforan żelaza, and as such can be used as an initial treatment for corrodedskorodowany, pokryty rdzą iron and steel objects being renovated, etc.

Suspected adverseniekorzystny, szkodliwy long-term health effects
While many nutritionists recognize that "soft drinks and other calorie-rich, nutrient-poor foods can fit into a good diet", it is widely believed that Coca-Cola and other soft drinks can be harmful if consumed to excessdo przesady, particularly to young children whose soda consumption competes with, rather than augmentingto augment: wspierać, zwiększać, a balanced diet. Studies have shown that regular soft drinknapój bezalkoholowy users have a lower intake of calcium (which can contribute to osteoporosis), magnesium, ascorbic acidkwas askorbinowy, witamina C, riboflavinryboflawina, witamina B2, and vitamin A.

The drink has also arousedto arouse: wzbudzać, powodowaćto arouse: budzić, rozbudzać criticism for its use of phosphoric acidkwas fosforowy and caffeine, though many of these criticisms have been dismissedto dismiss: odrzucić, odsuwać by the industry as urban myths.

Varieties of Coca-Cola soft drinknapój bezalkoholowy
There are many varieties of Coca-Cola produced by the company such as Diet Coke (introduced in 1982), which uses aspartameasparigin, sztuczny słodzik robiony z kwasu aspariginowego (NutraSweet brand), a synthetic phenylalaninefenyloalanina-based sweetener, to eliminate the sugar content of the drink; Caffeine-free Coke; Kosher for Passover Coke (corn-sweetner is replaced with cane sugarcukier trzcinowy, sukroza); Cherry Coke (1985); Diet Cherry Coke (1986); Coke with Lemon (2001); Diet Coke with Lemon (2001); Vanilla Coke (2002); Diet Vanilla Coke (2002); and Diet Coke with Lime (2004).

In 2004, perhaps in responseodpowiedź, odzew to the burgeoningrosnący popularity of low-carbohydrate diets such as the Atkins Diet, Coca-Cola announced its intention to develop and sell a low-carbohydrate alternative to Coke Classic, dubbednazywany Coca-Cola C2. C2 contains a mix of high fructose corn syrup, aspartameasparigin, sztuczny słodzik robiony z kwasu aspariginowego, sucralosesukroza, cukier trzcinowy, and acesulfame potassium. C2 is designed to more closely emulate the taste of Coca-Cola Classic than Diet Coke does. Even with less than half of the calories and carbohydrates of standard soft drinks, C2 is not a replacement for zero-calorie soft drinks such as Diet Coke. C2 went on sale in the US on June 11, 2004, and in Canada in August 2004.

Coca-Cola is the best-selling soft drinknapój bezalkoholowy in most countries. Nevertheless, there are some places like Scotland, where the locally produced Irn Bru is more popular, and Quebec and Prince Edward Island, Canada, where Pepsi is the market leader. Coke is less popular in other places, including some Middle Eastern and Asian countries such as the Palestinian territories and India — in the latterdrugi z dwóch, due toz powodu suspicions regarding the health standards of the drink, and in the formerpierwszy z wymienionych, due toz powodu anti-American sentiment or the perceptionpostrzeganie that Coca-Cola supports Israel. Mecca Cola, an "Islamically correct" brand, has become a hit in the Middle East in the past few years.

Url źródłowy: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca_Cola

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