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Read
the text STEREOTYPES and complete the summary below in a meaningful and
informative way by adding suitable clauses. Remember: summaries with
sentences copied from the text will not be accepted.
STEREOTYPES
When we hear the word "stereotype," we are filled with all sorts of negative
reactions. A stereotype, we tend to believe, is a "wrong" belief that
we should do our best to avoid. Stereotypes provide the reasons for
sexism, racism, anti-Semitism, and social prejudices of all kinds. As a
matter of fact, though, stereotypes are no more likely to be in error
than any other belief that has its basis in "common sense." That is, a
stereotype is little more than a widespread belief based on common
sense. Recall that common sense is only something considered "sensible"
because it is consistent with what many people conventionally believe.
In other words, many members of a society believe in a stereotype, and
that fact of widespread belief is fundamental to the nature of a
stereotype. (paragraph 1)
Like our belief in
stereotypes, we believe common sense without exercising any critical
judgement toward it; we accept it without evaluating it on the basis of
what we believe to be true because of our own trial-and-error
experiences. Uncritical acceptance is also a characteristic trait of a
stereotype, something we believe to be true because it is conventional
- a lot of other people also believe it is true. Like any common sense
belief, a stereotype is a bias or prejudice because we tend to accept
it uncritically, without rendering any independent judgement as to its
accuracy or truth value. (paragraph 2)
A stereotype is also a generalisation. That is, we attribute some property to an entire
class of people or objects. "The English drink tea" is a stereotype of
people from Great Britain. The stereotype attributes the "tea-drinking"
property to the entire class of "English." When people indiscriminately
apply the stereotype to absolutely every member of the class, they
often make errors. And it is the indiscriminate application of
stereotypes, as well as the fact that some stereotypes (such as racist
and sexist stereotypes) are simply false, that gives "stereotype" its
well-deserved bad reputation. (paragraph 3)
Like all common sense beliefs, a stereotype often has some basis in truth.
Otherwise, why would so many people believe it to be true? Adults, as
you can tell from my previous examples, often have a stereotypical
image of teenage behaviours. Not only are teenagers "boy crazy" and
"girl crazy," but they stereotypically use the telephone for
recreational purposes with greater frequency than any other single
group in our society. I know of no statistics compiled by the telephone
company to support this belief, but many adults do subscribe to this
stereotype of teenagers. What's more, this stereotype may have some
basis in fact. A friend of mine once confided to me that when he called
my home and actually heard the telephone ringing, he assumed that no
one was home and hung up. He assumed (quite correctly, too) that if one
of my daughters had been home, he would have heard a busy signal. (paragraph 4)
You will notice that in this discussion of stereotypes I have not advised
you to guard against their evil influence or to realise that
stereotypes are harmful to effective interpersonal communication. In
fact, such advice is not always good advice. We cannot deny that
stereotypes do exist and that people use them as guidelines for their
behaviour in interpersonal communication. In other words, social
stereotypes (whether they are true or false) do influence the process
of interpersonal communication, despite the fact that their influence
is sometimes detrimental to effective communication. On the other hand,
some stereotypes actually serve to assist the process of interpersonal
communication by giving the communicators some notion of what to expect
from their interaction with a new acquaintance. Stereotypes, even
though they originate in the social context and are the product of
socialisation, however, actually function at the intrapersonal level of
communication. Therefore, they will be discussed in greater detail in
Part 2. (paragraph 5)
SUMMARY
Stereotypes
are (1) ______________ as leading to social prejudices, but in fact (2)
_________________. Stereotypes can be defined as wide-spread beliefs
(3) _____________. Stereotypes are accepted uncritically i.e. (4)
______________ . Formally a stereotype is a generalization (5)
______________ As such a stereotype may be false, (6)
_________________. Whether true or false, (7) _____________ .
Specifically, they are used as guidelines for our behaviour, (8)
________________ .