Witam serdecznie
Mam nietypową prośbę o sprawdzenie błędów w poniższych notatkach z USA które pisałam
(gramatyczne,ortograficzne,może komuś rzucą się jeszcze jakieś zle opisane fakty jeśli ktoś zna kulturę amerykańską)
Z góry bardzo dziękuję! I pozdrawiam
“Godfather”- based on Mario Puzo’s book , he also wrote “The Fortunate Pilgrim” - a book about his mother , an Italian immigrant.
Ellis Island - the museum of immigration is placed there
The American nation is described as THE MELTING POT - it means that people of all races and nations come to USA with a part of their own culture and join it with the culture of the USA. The United States was like a big pot of soup , which had bits of flavor from each different culture. All of the different cultures were so well blended together that it formed its own new flavor.
THE SALAD BAR - because some of them have returned to their own nationality and their old culture , not really mixed. A new metaphor has been proposed that pictures America as a salad bar, in which the ingredients still combine to form a larger whole, yet each component retains its individuality.
The first immigrants walked for Asia in around 20000 b. c. The wandering hunters followed herds of animals.
1492 - there were about 1000 of people living there The Native Americans - 1% of 300 millions.
Why did the immigrants go to America :
religious persecution (Pilgrims, French Huguenots, Amish, Quakers, Jews) political persecution (instability , wars, consistent fights in Europe)
economic reasons (faced hunger, a very bad economic situation)
In the past the trip was difficult , 1/3 died during the journey or within the first year after arrival.
Those people were called the colonists in the past, when the U.S.A. became independent country they are called immigrants.
British standards transplanted into U.S. :
language - there is no official language at least at the federal level
common law - English law and social institutions were brought to America and they have evaluated there.
What groups arrived in the colonial times :
-the British Isles
-the Dutch (New Amsterdam = New York) Swedish (Delaware)
-German (Pennsylvania)
-Spanish , Portuguese
-Scottish
-Irish
-French
-immigrants - slaves - Africa (1619 - the first slaves arrived,200 people , 164[tel]slavery become a standard practice at the colonies)
Cosmopolitan cities :
New York
Philadelphia
Boston
Chicago
Americans started thinking about protection against immigrants.
The first measure that supposed to protect the America against immigrants was :
reserving the presidency to native born Americans - the president must be born in the USA.
Causes of U.S. diversity :
Alaska -purchased form Russia
Pennsylvania-purchased from France
Florida - purchased from Spain
Mexico - in the effect of wars
The 19th century immigration
- lots of people came to America
- Irish because of the potato famine , they were ready to work for the lowest
salaries and were disliked although they spoke the same lg. , poor Catholics
-German - mixed group , protestants and Catholics, different classes of society, different skills, they had their own culture, restaurants, newspapers etc. This immigration ended interruptedly in the 20th century because they had to choose who they want to be Americans or Germans (world wars)
-after the Civil War more people started to arrive from the southern and eastern parts of Europe (1820) - Italians, Jews (adapted quite quickly) , Russians, Polish, Algerian, Romanians, Greeks . They couldn’t adjust to the British Standards and they were often called “beaten man from beaten races” . They were discriminated.
Problems created by the immigrants :
- housing
- schools
- ethnic neighborhoods - for e.g. Chinatown
The immigrants started changing the USA.
1920 - The Crisis - The Depression - it was worse in the USA than in Europe 1930 - people decided even to comeback because of it.
Immigration after the II World War
After the II W.W. the USA started attracting a new kind of immigrants - the one that
had sth. to offer and USA attracted the people from everywhere , the one that were
the most educated and talented for e.g. Albert Einstein - it is called BRAIN DRAIN.
Lots of immigrants with limited skills e.g. Latin Americans that crossed the border
illegally and found jobs (physical one) , they were needed to do the dirtiest and the worst jobs.
Japan and Chinese immigration
Japan and China immigrants immigrated to California in the 19th century. In 1870’s Americans wanted to stop this immigration but it was too difficult (those immigrants were needed to build the railroads). Finally they were stopped somehow.
Generally people felt threatened by the Chinese because of the big differences between Americans and Chinese - its called YELLOW PERIL.
1907 - secret agreement between the USA and Japan - gentleman’s’ agreement -
Japan had to issue the passports to the Japanese
“Red Scare” hysteria
Americans were afraid of the Communists after the revolution in Russia , the Car had been overtone. In 1918-1920 - there were a lot of strikes and protests against the conditions of the work. It was connected with a Russian revolution - if a Russian organized a strike he/she was deported immediately.
Test that eliminated immigrants
“Literacy test” - 1913
- passed by the congress
- to check if they could read and write - it was vetoed twice later on
- finally it was changed and still exists in the books and all the people
over 16 must pass it - 30 ordinary words in English.
The idea of creating it derived from Mr. Goddard. He, at the beginning of the 20th century decided to introduce intelligence testing (1917) , simple one, supposed to repeat some words in English. It finally didn’t become a standard procedure, but remain only as an idea.
Goddard established an intelligence testing program on Ellis Island in 1913.
Goddard's Ellis Island work is worthless scientifically. When his results didn't meet his expectations, he simply changed the numbers in his data.
Films and books about immigrants :
- “Scar Face”
- “Gangs of New York”
- “Mambo Kings”
- “The three burials of Melquiades Estrada”
- “Maria full of grace”
- “The Terminal”
- “A day without a Mexican”
- “The Perez family”
- “Green Card”
ZJAZD 2 [American Beliefs and Values]
What kind of nation is that ?
- it’s not possible to describe on the basis of skin color or genetic elements
- it’s not possible to define according to the religion - there’s a freedom of
religion
- it’s not possible to connect it with the language - English isn’t an official
language in the USA
- it’s a melting pot of all nations
What unites America are values.
The source s of those values are two :
- Puritan values (hard work)
- European Enlightenment values (freedom)
Freedom values :
- starts with the Founding Fathers
Slavery problem :
first blacks arrived at 1619 , they were forced to arrive , we still don’t know ether they were slaves or endangered servants.
164[tel]slavery was well established slaves worked for free but not everywhere the demand for them was bigger in the south because of the big plantations in the north slaves were not so adopted , people preferred to employ the skilled , educated white worker and there were great number of the immigrants there in the north was also differently because of the different approach for e.g. Quakers in the first half of the 19th century there was the big practical issue -North - slavery was to be eliminated South - demanded for the slavery to grow because of the Eli Whitney - Cotton Gin - (end of the 18th century) it helped to grow cotton to make profit , it started to be extremely profitable
1808 - the Congress forbade the import of the new slaves , but smuggling of slaves continued
There were 3 groups of slaves :
- house servants - in the best position
- slaves with skills - mechanics, blackmail
field hands - slaves , worked in the fields - a lot of woman and children slaves escaped to the North very often - it was called “Underground railroad”
Comparing to the other countries , the situation of slaves wasn’t as bad
as it was in the South America , where slaves often worked on sugar
plantations - Cuba, Caribbean, Brazil - the death rate was very high finally the slavery problem led to Civil War - between the North and the South. The war ended with the abolition of the slavery , the president of the USA at that time was Abraham Lincoln - some important
documents :
- 1863 - Emancipation Proclamation - a kind of
declaration
- 1863 - 13th, 14th, 15th amendments finally abolished
slavery