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"As the pressures for men to obtain and maintain a muscular body shape have increased in the past 20 years (Pope et al., 2001), it is probable that the number of men who exercise to gain muscle mass is increasing. IF THIS IS THE CASE, the results of the present study fit nicely between the percentage reported by Miller et al. in 1980 and the percentage of children reported by McCabe and Ricciardelli (2003) to be exercising to gain weight. The participants in this study represent a mid-point between people who did not have any pressure to obtain a muscular body shape (those who were adults in 1980) and those who have a high degree of social pressure to do so (those who are children in the 2000s)."