Akcent wyrazowy może być:
stały pod względem fonetycznym - pada wówczas na jedną określoną sylabę we wszystkich wyrazach i formach wyrazu (a. oksytoniczny - na sylabę ostanią, a. paroksytoniczny - na sylabę przedostanią, a. proparoksytoniczny - na sylabę trzecią od końca, a. inicjalny - na pierwszą sylabę wyrazu);
albo swobodny - w różnych wyrazach i ich formach pada na sylaby o różnej pozycji w obrębie wyrazu.
stały pod względem morfologicznym - pada we wszystkich formach fleksyjnych danego wyrazu na jedną i tę samą sylabę tego samego morfemu;
albo ruchomy - w różnych formach danego wyrazu może padać na różne sylaby.
It's about Polish accent
Now sth about English one
Primary and secondary stress are distinguished in some languages.
English is commonly believed to have two levels of stress, as in the words counterfoil and counterintelligence and in some treatments has even been described as having four levels, primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary, but these treatments often disagree with each other.
Phoneticians believe these multiple levels are mere phonetic detail and not true phonemic stress.
They report that often the alleged secondary stress is not characterized by the increase in respiratory activity normally associated with stress.
In their analysis, an English syllable may be either stressed or unstressed, and if unstressed, the vowel may be either full or reduced.
This is all that is required for a phonemic treatment.
In addition, the last stressed syllable in a normal (default) intonation unit receives additional intonational or "tonic" stress. (The intonational stress may occur elsewhere to mark contrast or other prosodic effects.) This combination of lexical stress, phrase-or clause-final prosody, and the reduction of some unstressed vowels conspires to create the impression of multiple levels of phonetic stress:
Lexical stress
1. Plus tonic stress: A syllable with both lexical and prosodic stress in Ladefoged's account corresponds to primary stress in the traditional account.
2. Without tonic stress: A syllable with only lexical stress corresponds to secondary stress in the traditional account.
No stress
3. On a full vowel: An unstressed syllable with a full vowel also corresponds to secondary stress in the traditional account, and to tertiary stress in the fuller account.
4. On a reduced vowel: An unstressed syllable with a reduced vowel is said be unstressed or to have quaternary stress.
Therefore, in a phonemic transcription of English words that indicates reduced vowels like schwa, only a single symbol for stress is required. For example, cóunterfòil is only stressed on the first syllable, the last syllable is an unstressed but unreduced vowel. (
Unstressed *oi* does not normally reduce in English.) In còunterintélligence both marked syllables are stressed.
The apparent differences in stress are due to prosody and appear when the words are said alone in citation, as, ironically, they are when being sounded out for transcription. They disappear when the words are moved to non-final position, for example in counterintelligence operations are going well, where only well has "primary" stress. (For some speakers, the first syllable of counterintelligence may be unstressed but unreduced. Unstressed ou/ow does not normally reduce in English.)