Left-handed sentences – zdania, w których część podrzędna znajduje się na początku, np.;
Completely unmoved by spectacle, they sat there drinking wine.
Right-handed sentences – zdania, w których część podrzędna znajduje się na końcu, np.;
They sat there drinking wine, completely unmoved by spectacle.
UWAGA! Poniższe przypadki odnoszą się do zdań z tym samym podmiotem!
1)The Broaderbund, which is a semi-secret network, considers itself…
S + V + O
LH: A semi-secret network, the Broadebund considers itself…
S + O + V
LUB OPCJONALNIE
Bellock was a lover of France, Sussex and the sea. His best work lies in…
S + V + C
TU WYJĄTEK -> RÓŻNE PODMIOTY:
LH: A lover of France, Sussex and the sea, Bellock’s best work lies in….
C + possessive S + V
3) Since it lacks a proper…, that country…
S + V + O
LH: Lacking a proper…, that country…
Participle + O + S +V
present verb -> present participle (gerund)
perfect/past/passive verb -> (having been) perfect participle (III f. cz.)
4) Being – najlepiej pomijać bo nic nie wnosi, ale warto wiedzieć, że:
– Jeżeli w zdaniu występuje jeden podmiot to “s/he is/was” może zostać zastąpione przez „being”.
Since he was acutely aware, he… -> (Being) Acutely aware, he…
– gdy istnieje związek przyczynowo-skutkowy
She was complex and self-absorbed. She didn’t care of anyone.
(Being) Complex and self-absorbed, she didn’t care of anyone.
5) Having +III f. cz. upraszczane jest do present participle
Having suffered a major heart attack, he lived…
Uproszczone do
Suffering a major heart attack, he lived…
Możliwe tylko wtedy, gdy nie zmyli czytelnika (czyli nie zmieni kontekstu/znaczenia zdania)
6) as/because/since/(al)though -> as/though
As/Because/ Since I live in a heavily polluted environment…, I…
LH: Living as I do in a heavily polluted environment …, I…
Though he was annoyed, he…
LH: Annoyed though he was, he…
UWAGA! Możliwe też RH:
…as/because/since it finds them misguided.
…finding them misguided as it does.
UWAGA! PONIŻSZE PRZYPADKI ODNOSZĄ SIĘ DO ZDAŃ Z RÓŻNYMI PODMIOTAMI!
– with + participle
PARTICIPLE zamiast finite verb
Since most people… have not eaten -> With most people…not having eaten
The discussion was breaking down -> With discussion breaking down
As the central… grew weaker and weaker-> With the central growing weaker and weaker
When negotiations failed -> With negotiations failing/having failed
RH:…and many… have been moving -> …with many… moving(/having been moving)
UWAGA!
– present continuous -> present participle (bo czynność jest niedokonana)
are being lifted -> being lifted
– w zdaniu podrzędnym “are” może (lecz nie musi, więc lepiej omijać) zostać zastąpione przez “being”
Since the Japanese are dominant… -> With the Japanese (being) dominant…
– “being” głównie nie występuje w konstrukcjach to be + up/down/under/behind/to/about to/due to/set to/still to, etc.
…the crime rate is up by 50% since last year. -> …with crime rate up by 50% since last year
– “with” może zostać pominięte, lecz często wtedy trzeba użyć participle
– “with” może zostać pominięte w narracji literackiej GŁÓWNIE w RH:
She turned to him. Her eyes were bright and clear.
She turned to him, (with) her eyes bright and clear.
PRZYDATNE ZWROTY Z PODOBNĄ KONSTRUKCJĄ:
• …the aim being to…
• …the (Basic/main…) idea being to…
• …the (Basic/main…) idea being that… should…
• …the only problem being (that)…
• …an/one example being…/examples being…
• …the basic/essential/main/most important difference being (that)…
• …the suspicion being that
• …the implication being that
• …the reason being that…
• …the rationale being that…